|
| |
- Chlorine - Used in a gaseous state, requires strictest safety measures
- Hypochlorite - Used in liquid and granulated forms (trade concentration - 10-20%), can be obtained on site, electrochemically
- Chlorine dioxide - On-site generation only. The most effective disinfectant and strongest oxidation agent among all chlorine-containing ones
- Chloramines - Formed during the reaction of ammonium with active chlorine. It is used as a disinfectant of a prolonged activity
- Ozone - Has been used for several decades in some of European countries for the purpose of disinfection, elimination of color, for the taste and
odor control
- Ultraviolet - Exposure of water to UV rays capable of killing various types of micro-organisms
- Anolyte - eGOgerm - Electrochemical activation of brine solution in a membrane electrolyser
Chlorine
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Efficient oxidant and disinfectant
Efficiently eliminates tastes and odors
Featured with after-effect
Capable of controlling the growth of algae, biological slimes and micro-organisms
Decomposes organic contaminants (phenols...)
Iron and magnesium oxidant. Decomposes hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, ammonium and other nitrogen compounds |
On-site generation only
Requires transportation and storage of chemicals
In reaction with organic impurities forms nonorganic byproducts
Forms chlorates and chlorite ions |
Back to the top
Hypochlorite
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Effective against most of pathogen micro-organisms
Relatively safe during storage and use
When on-site generated, does not require transportation and storage of chemicals |
Ineffective against cysts (Guardia, Cryptosporidium)
Loses its activity during long-term storage
Potential danger of gaseous chlorine emission during storage
Forms tri-halo methane. When on-site generated, requires either immediate use or, in case of storage, special measures to purify the initial water from heavy metals ions. When on-site generated, NaCIO solution with the active chlorine concentration less than 450 mg/l does not form chlorates during storage |
Back to the top
Chlorine dioxide
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Operates in low doses
Does not form chloramines
Does not facilitate trihalomethane formation
Destroys phenols - source of unpleasant taste and odor
Effective oxidant and disinfectant for all types of microorganisms, including cysts, (Guardia, Cryptosporidium) and viruses
Does not form bromides from bromates
Facilitates removal of iron and magnesium from water by means of their quick oxidation and precipitation of oxides |
On-site generation only
Requires transportation and storage of chemicals
In reaction with organic impurities forms nonorganic byproducts
Forms chlorates and chlorite ions |
Back to the top
Chloramines
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Features stable and long-time after effect
Facilitates removal of foreign taste and odor
Reduces the level of trihalomethane and chlorine-organic acid generation
Prevents formation of biological slimes in distribution systems |
Weak disinfectant and oxidation agent compared to chlorine
Not effective against viruses and cysts (Guardia, Cryptosporidium)
Considerable dosages and prolonged contact time are required for disinfection
Dangerous for patients using dialyzers, because it is capable of penetrating the dialyzer membrane and effect erythrocytes
Forms nitrogen-containing byproducts |
Back to the
top
Ozone
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Strong disinfectant and oxidation agent
Very effective against Guardia, Cryptosporidium and any other pathogenic micro flora
Facilitates removal of turbidity from water
Removes foreign tastes and odors
Does not form chlorine containing trihalomethanes |
Forms byproducts, including: aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, bromine-containing, tri-halomethanes, (bromoform inclusive), bromates (in presence of bromides): peroxides, brom-acetic acid
Necessitates the use of biologically active filters to remove byproducts
Does not ensure residual disinfection
Considerable expenses
When reacting with organics, ozone disintegrates them into smaller components, which could become a feeding media for microorganisms` growth in water distribution systems |
Back to the top
Ultraviolet
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Does not require storage and transportation of chemicals
Does not form byproducts |
No residual effect
Not efficient against cysts (Guardia, Cryptosporidium)
Requires considerable expenses for the equipment and technical maintenance
Requires considerable operational (power) expenses
Disinfection activity depends on the water turbidity, its hardness (sediments on the bulb surface), precipitation of organic impurities on the bulb surface, and deviations in the power supply, which effect the wavelength variation |
Back to the
top
Anolyte - eGOgerm
| Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Strong disinfectant and oxidation agent. Very effective against all kinds of bacteria and viruses , highly effective as sporicidal agent
Effectively eliminates bad tastes and odors
Removes biofilms
Significantly less formation of chlorine compounds, halogens and TMT. No toxic by products: chlorites (ClO2) and chlorates (ClO3)
No acute or chronic toxicity when diluted in water
Low cost. No transport or storage problem. Easy and safe storage and handling |
Ventilation might be required in the installation room to remove fumes |
Back to the top
|
_